In State of Karnataka v. Associated Management of (Govt. Recognized - Unaided - Eng. Med.) Primary & Secondary Schools (2014) 9 SCC 485, the Constitution Bench held that:

State government cannot compel unaided private schools to impart primary education only in the mother tongue / regional language

Child/parent has the freedom of choice of medium of instruction under Article 19(1)(a)

Mother tongue is compulsory for all schools without exception

Under Article 343(1) of the Constitution of India, the Official Language of the Union shall be:

Hindi in Devanagari script, with the international form of Indian numerals (1, 2, 3...)

Hindi in Devanagari script with Devanagari numerals

Hindustani in both Devanagari and Persian scripts

Under Article 350A of the Constitution of India (inserted by 7th Amendment, 1956), it shall be the endeavour of every State and local authority to provide adequate facilities for instruction in the:

Mother-tongue at the primary stage of education to children belonging to linguistic minority groups

Official language of the Union only

English language exclusively in all schools

Regarding the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution of India (which currently lists 22 recognized languages):

Neither English nor Bhojpuri is included in the Eighth Schedule (languages include Assamese, Bengali, Bodo, Dogri, Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Kashmiri, Konkani, Maithili, Malayalam, Manipuri, Marathi, Nepali, Odia, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Santali, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu, Urdu)

English is language number 1 in the Eighth Schedule

Bhojpuri was added by 92nd Amendment

There are only 14 languages in total today

Under Article 348(1)(a) of the Constitution of India, until Parliament by law otherwise provides, all proceedings in the Supreme Court and in every High Court shall be in:

The official language of the concerned State

Either Hindi or English at the litigant's choice

By the Constitution (Ninety-sixth Amendment) Act, 2011:

The word 'Oriya' was substituted with 'ODIA' in the Eighth Schedule (Entry 15) to the Constitution of India, and the name of the State was altered from 'Orissa' to 'ODISHA' under the Orissa (Alteration of Name) Act, 2011

Bhojpuri was added to the Eighth Schedule

Rajasthani was recognized as an official language

English was added to the Eighth Schedule

What is the correct constitutional chronology of amendments adding languages to the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution of India?

1. 21st Amendment Act, 1967 (added SINDHI) 2. 71st Amendment Act, 1992 (added KONKANI, MANIPURI, NEPALI) 3. 92nd Amendment Act, 2003 (added BODO, DOGRI, MAITHILI, SANTHALI) 4. 96th Amendment Act, 2011 (substituted 'Oriya' with 'ODIA')

21st Amendment added Hindi, 42nd added English

92nd Amendment added Sanskrit, 96th added Urdu

71st Amendment added Bhojpuri, 92nd added Rajasthani

Which of the following prominent Indian languages and dialects are NOT included among the 22 languages recognized in the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India?

Awadhi, Bhojpuri, Rajasthani, and English (the 22 languages are Assamese, Bengali, Bodo, Dogri, Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Kashmiri, Konkani, Maithili, Malayalam, Manipuri, Marathi, Nepali, Odia, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Santali, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu, Urdu)

Under the Jammu and Kashmir Official Languages Act, 2020, which FIVE languages are declared as the official languages for the Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir?

Kashmiri, Dogri, Hindi, Urdu, and English (Punjabi is NOT included as an official language)

📖 Constitution of India•🎯 11 Practice MCQs

Part XVII: Official Language (Articles 343–351)

Chapter-wise objective questions with statutory bare act articles, landmark Supreme Court case laws, and past judicial service citations.

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Part XVII: Official Language (Articles 343–351) • 11 Questions

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This practice module for Part XVII: Official Language (Articles 343–351) contains 11 Multiple Choice Questions tailored for State Judicial Service Preliminary Examinations (including UP PCS-J, Delhi Judicial Service, Bihar Judiciary, MP Judiciary, Rajasthan Judicial Service), CLAT LL.M, All India Bar Examination (AIBE), and UGC-NET Law.

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